Pathology of the Idea of Public Obligatoriness of Enjoining what is Right and Forbidding Evil

Document Type : The Quarterly Jornal

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Foundations of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology & Islamic Studies, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

Abstract

"Social control" and "social supervision" are the necessity for every society to maintain community cohesion and protect social norms. They are also accepted and emphasized in the religious teachings as "enjoining what is right" and "forbidding evil", and in Islamic jurisprudence, they have been accepted by many scholars as a collective duty. Nevertheless, many scholars have tried to introduce some of the stages of these two duties as a public obligation and make the public obligated to do them.
This article, without entering into the jurisprudential evidence, tries to examine the social consequences of their becoming public in the following three titles, by looking at the historical evidence and experiences of the implementation of these two obligations:
1. the prevalence of superficiality and populism; 2. disorder and disruption in the system 3. the limitation to the impact circle.

Keywords

References

  1. The Qur'an.
  2. Abd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad al-Asadābādī. (1965). Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsah. Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah.
  3. Abo Ya’li, Mohammad ibn Hossain. (1983). Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniya. Bayrut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyyah.
  4. Alamolhoda, Sayed Ahmad (1396), aftabnews.ir, 28/4/1396.
  5. Al-Baghdadi, Ahmad ibn Ali. Tarikh Baghdad. Bayrut: Dar al-Kotob.
  6. Al-Bayanooni, Ahmad Ezoddin. (1985). Al-Amr bi al-Maroof va al-Nahy an al-Monkar. Cairo: Dar al-Tiba’ah va al-Tarjomah.
  7. Al-Ghasimi, Zafir. (1991). Nizam al-Hokm fi al-Sharia wa al-Tarikh al-Islamiya. Bayrut: Dar al-Nafaes.
  8. al-Hilli, Yahya ibn Saeid. (1967) Nuzhat al-Nāẓir fi al-Jamʻ bayna al-Ishtibah wa al-Nazair. al-Najaf al-Ashraf: Matbat al-Aadaab.
  9. Ali ibn Abi, Talib. (1995). Nahj al-balāghah. (Ja’far Shahīdī trans.). Tehran: Sherkat Entesharat-e Elmi va Farhangi.
  10. al-Jazaeri, Seyed Abollah Ben Nematollah. (1757). al-Tohfah al-Saniyah fi Sharh-i Nokhbah al-Mohseniyah.  (2269). Digital Library of Astan-e Quds-e Razavi.
  11. al-Juwayni, Abd al-Malik (1950). al-Irshad 'ila Qawati' al-Adilla fi Usul al-I'tiqad. Cairo: Maktaba al-Khanji.
  12. al-Sheybani, Abdolwahid Mohammad ibn-i Mohammad. (1995). al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh. (vol. 9). Bayrut: Dar al-Kotob al-Ilmiyah.
  13. Ashari, Ali ibn Ismail. (1947). Maghalat al-Islamiyin va Ikhtilaf al-Mosallin. Cairo: Dar al-Maarif.
  14. Baghizadeh, Mohammad Javad, Omidifar, Abdollah. (2014). Zarourat-e Hefz-e Nezam va Ma’ as Ekhtelal-e An dar Fiqh-e Emamiye. Shiite Studies. 12(47).
  15. Baher, M. (1991). Amr be Marouf dar Jahan-e Arab. Trjoman Siasi. (25). p.33.
  16. Bahshal, Aslam ibn Sahl, & Awwad, Kurkis. (1986). Tarikh Wasit. Bayrut: `Alam al-kutub.
  17. Dr Ulrike Freitag, review of Commanding Right and Forbidding Wrong in Islamic Thought, (review no. 215)
    https://reviews.history.ac.uk/review/215
    Date accessed: 19 July, 2019
  18. Feyzolislam, Alinaghi. (1963). Tarjomeh va Sharh-i Nahj al-Balāghah.
  19. Ghazzālī, Abohamid Mohammad ibn Muhammad. (1934). Iḥyāʼ ʻulūm al-dīn. (vol. 2). Al-Qahirah: Matbaat al-Uthmania al-Misriya.
  20. Ghazzālī, Abohamid Mohammad ibn Muhammad. Kimiya-yi Sa’dat. Mahabad: Intesharat-i Seyedian.
  21. Ghotboddin Rawandi, Abi al-Hossain Saied ibn-i Hebatollah. (1998). Ghisas al-Anbia. Qom: Moassesat al-Hadi.
  22. Haj Hossain, Hossain. (1939). Al-Nazm al-Islamiya. Cairo: Maktaba al-Nahzah al-Misriyah.
  23. Haji Khalifeh, Mustafa Bin Ablollah al-Felestini. (1993). Kashf al-zunun an Asami al-kutob wa al-Funoon. Bayrut: Dar al-Kotob.
  24. Homayoun, Mohamad Hadi. (1995). Tablighat, Yek Vajeh dar Dow Hozeh-yi Farhangi. Tehran: Markaz-e Chap va Nashr-e Sazamn-e Tablighat-e Islamic.
  25. Hossaini, Abolfath. (2007). Miftah al-Bab. Mashhad: Astan-e Quds-e Razavi.
  1. http://www.digarban.com
  2. Ḥurr al-ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. (1983). Wasāʼil al-Shīʻah ilá taḥṣīl masāʼil al-sharīʻah. (vol.11). Bayrut: Dar Ihya al-Torath.
  3. Ibn al-`Imad, Abd al-Hayy ibn Ahmad. (2012). Shadharat al-dhahab fi akhbar man dhahab. Bayrut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah.
  4. ibn al-Barraj, al-Qāḍī Abdolaziz al-Tirablosi. (1986). al-Muhadhdhab. Qom: Moasesat al-Nashr al-Islami.
  5. ibn al-Ukhuwah, Muhammad ibn Muhammad. (1976). Ma`alim al-Qurbah fi Ahkam al-Hisbah. Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Misriya al-Ammah li al-Kotob.
  6. ibn Battah, Ubayd Allah ibn Muhammad. (1986). al-Ibanah `an shari`at al-firqah al-najiyah wa-mujanabat al-firaq al-madhmumah. Riyadh: Dar al-Royah.
  7. ibn Khaldūn al-Maghribi, Abdulrahman. (1973). Al-Muqaddimah ibn Khaldūn. (Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, Trans.). Tehran: Bongah-e Tarjomeh va Nashr-e Ketab-e Tehran.
  8. ibn Meymoun, Abu Bakr, Hejazi, Ahmad, & Sagha, Ahmad. (1987). Cairo: Dar Ihya' al-Kutub al-`Arabiya.
  9. ibn-Abi-'l-Hadid, Abd-al-Hamid ibn-Hibatallah, & Ibrahim, Muhammad Abu-'l-Fadl. (1959). Sharh Nahj al-balāghah. Qom: Dar Ihya' al-Kutub al-`Arabiya.
  10. ibnjouzi, Abdulrahman Benali. (1939). Al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Muluk wa al-'umam. (Vol. 6). Bayrut: Dar Sader.
  11. Imam Khomeini, Seyed Rohoallah al-Musavi. (1982). Sahifeh Noor (Vol. 1, 21, 9, 18, 19, 20). Tehran: Sazman Enteshar va Amozesh Inghilab-i Islami.
  12. Imam Khomeini, Seyed Rohoallah al-Musavi. (2010). Tahrir al-Wasilah (Vol. 1). Qom: Nashr Dar al-Ilm.
  13. Iʻtimād al-Salṭanah, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān. (1889). Al-Maathir wa al-Athar. Tehran: Dār al-Ṭibāʻah Khassah.
  14. Khamenei, Sayyed Ali. (2001). Bayanat dar Marasem Tanfiz-e Riasatjomhouri. In. Tehran: http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id=3076.
  15. Kheiri, Hassan. (2015). A sociological investigation of the Act of Supporting Those Who Commanding to Good Deeds and Prohibiting from Wrong Deeds. Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 6(2), 237-262. doi:10.22059/ijsp.2015.58560
  16. Lambton, Ann K. S. (1981). State and government in medieval Islam : an introduction to the study of Islamic political theory : the jurists. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
  17. Lambton, Ann K. S. (2001). State and government in medieval Islam : an introduction to the study of Islamic political theory : the jurists (Seyed Abbas Salehi & Mohammad Mahdi Faghihi, Trans.). Tehran: Orouj.
  18. Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Taqi. (1983). Bihar al-anwar : al-jami`ah li-durar akhbar al-aimmah al-athar. Bayrut, Lubnan: Muassasat al-Wafa.
  19. Manzourolajdad, Mohammadhossain. (2000). Marjaiyat dar Arseh-yi Ijtema va Siasat. Tehran: ShirazehKetab.
  20. Mas'udi, 'Ali ibn al-Husayn. (1946). Murūj al-dhahab wa-maʻādin al-jawhar. (Abolghasim Payandeh trans.). (vol. 4). Tehran: Bongah-e Tarjomeh va Nashr-e Ketab.
  21. Māwardī, ʻAlī ibn Muḥammad, Abo Ya’li, Mohammad ibn Hossain. (1986) Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya wʼ al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyya. (vol. 2). Cairo: Maktabat al-I’lam al-Islami.
  22. Mohammad, Mirali. (2014). LEGITIMACY OF UPRISING AGAINST A DESPOTIC RULER IN THE SHI’I POLITICAL FIQH. ISLAMIC GOVERNMENT, 18(470), 175-202.
  23. Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad. (1984). Mizan al-Hikmah. (vol.6). Qom: Maktabah al-I’lam al-Islami.
  24. Montazeri, Hossainali. (1988). Dirasaton fi Wilayat al-Faghih wa Fiqh al-Dola al-Islamia. Qom: al-Markaz al-Alami li al-Dirasat al-Islamia.
  25. Motahhari, Morteza. (1969). Himaseh Hossaini (vol. 2). Tehran: Sadra Pub.
  26. Motahhari, Morteza. Dah Goftar. Qom: Sadra Pub.
  27. Muhammad Rashid, Rida. (1992). Tafsir al-Quran al-hakim al-shahir bi-Tafsir al-Manar. Qom: Dar al-Kitab.
  28. Najafi, Muhammad Hasan ibn Baqir, Akhundi, Ali, & Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, Ja far ibn al-Hasan. (1988). Jawahir al-kalam : fi sharh Sharai` al-Islam (Vol. 21). Tihran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyah.
  29. Nāṣirī, Abū al-ʻAbbās Ahmad ibn Khālid. (1997). Kitāb al-Istiqṣā li-akhbār duwal al-Maghrib al-aqṣá. Dar al-Bayda': Dar al-Kitab.
  30. Nobakht, Mohammad Baqir, 15/2/1396 ,http://www.mashreghnews.ir.
  31. Nuwayri, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Wahhab al. (1929). Nihayat al-arab fi funun al-adab. Al-Qahirat: Matba`at Dar al-Kutub al-misriyyat.
  32. Pakatchi, Ahmad, & Jaberi, Amir. (2001). Amr bi Maroof va Nahy as Monkar. In Kazim Musavi Bujnurdi (Ed.), Dairat al-ma`arif-i buzurg-i Islami (Vol. 10, pp. 202-208). Tehran: Markaz-i Dairat al-Ma`arif-i Buzurg-i Islami.
  33. Qalqashandi, Ahmad Ibn 'Ali Ibn Ahmad. (2004) Ṣubḥ al-Aʻshá fī ṣināʻat al-inshā. (vol. 3, 9). Al-Qahirah: Dar al-Kutub al-Misriya.
  34. Qummi, Abbas ibn Muhammad Rida. (2009). Safinat al-bihar wa-madinat al-hikam wa-al-athar. Bayrut: Dar Ta'ruf.
  35. Rezaiirad, Abdolhosein. (2007) Amr bi Ma’roof dar Tarazouye Tarikh. Qom: Bustan-e Ketab.
  36. Rezaiirad, Abdolhosein. (2008) Amr bi Ma’roof dar Tarazouye Aghl. Qom: Bustan-e Ketab.
  37. Rezaiirad, Abdolhosein. Mabadi Elm-i Feqh. Tehran: Amjad Pub.
  38. Rezaiirad, Abdolhosein. Zarourat-e Sazman dar Ejraye Shariat. Forthcoming book.
  39. Sajistānī, Imam Ahmad Abidawud. Masail. Bayrut: Dar al-Marifah.
  40. Shafaat, Ahmad. (2004). COMMANDING WHAT IS RIGHT AND FORBIDDING WHAT IS WRONG. In. Montreal: http://www.montrealmuslimnews.net/commanding.htm.
  41. Shariati, Ali. (1999). Shia. Tehran: Nashr-e Elham.
  42. Shariati, Ali. (2011). Tanhaei-e Ali. Tehran: Nashr-e Didar.
  43. Sharīf al-Murtaḍá, ʻAlam al-Hudá ʻAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn. (1991). al-Dhakhīrah fi Ilm al-Kalam. Qom: Moasesat al-Nashr al-Islami.
  44. Shayzari, Abd al-Rahman ibn Nasr, Urayni, Ilbaz, & Ziyadah, Muhammad Mustafá. (1946). Kitab nihayat al-rutbah fi talab al-hisbah. Al-Qahirah: Lajnat al-Talif wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Nashr.
  45. Soroush, Abdolkarim. (1994). Hekmat va Meisha. Tehran: Moasseseh Farhangi-e Serat.
  46. Suyuri, al-Miqdad ibn Abd Allah, Sharif, Muhammad Baqir, & Bahbudi, Muhammad al-Baqir. (1964). Kanz al-`irfan fi fiqh al-Quran. Tehran: al-Maktabah al-Murtadawiyah.
  47. Tabarsi, Husayn Taqi al-Nuri, & Hurr al-`Amili, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan. (1989). Mustadrak al-Wasail wa-mustanbat al-masail (2 Ed.  Vol. 2). Qum: Muassasat Al al-Bayt li-Ihya, al-Turath.
  48. Taftazani, Mas ud ibn Umar, Umayrah, Abd al-Rahman, & Taftazani, Mas ud ibn Umar. (1989). Sharh al-Maqasid. Bayrut: `Alam al-Kutub.
  49. Taghipour, Alireza. (1997). Jaygah-e Amr be Marouf va Nahy az Monkar (Mozo-e Asl-e 8 Ghanoon-e Asasi) dar Siasat-e Jenaie Iran. (MS), Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Retrieved from http://ganj-old.irandoc.ac.ir/articles/82243
  50. Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. (1980). al-Ightisad al-Hadi ila Ṭarigh al-Rashad. Tehran: Maktabat Jami’ Chehelsotun.
  51. www.irna.ir/en/news/. 2/9/1394.
  52. Zamakhshari, Ma hmud ibn Umar. (1980). al-Kashshāf ʻan ḥaqāʼiq al-tanzīl wa-ʻuyūn al-aqāwīl fī wujūh al-taʼwīl (Vol. 1). Bayrut, Lubnan: Dar al-Ma`rifah.
  53. Zaydan, Jurji. (1993). Tarikh-e Tamaddon-e Islami. (Ali Javaher Kalam, Trans.). Tehran: Amirkabir Pub.

 

Journal of Islam and Social Studies
Volume 6, Issue 24 - Serial Number 24
ExecutiveExpert
July 2019
Pages 104-128

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 03 July 2019
  • Accept Date: 03 July 2019

Share

How to cite

Statistics